Release 3.2  Copyright ã1993 by NeXT Computer, Inc.  All Rights Reserved.

Glossary

This Glossary defines terms that are italicized in the manual. It also includes definitions of less well-known abbreviations and acronyms that are used in the text. 

account, local
A user account restricted to a single machine.

account, network
A user account available from multiple computers on a network.

address, domain-style
A mail address in the standard format user@domain. See also canonicalize.

address, envelope recipient
The mail address of the actual recipient of a mail message.

address, network
An Internet address that identifies a network. In a network address, the bits in the host portion are all set to zero.

alias resolution 
A process that converts mail aliases into user names.

anonymous user
See unknown user.

application server
See server, application.

backup, full
A backup that copies all data on your system. 

backup, incremental
A backup that copies only those files that have changed since the last backup. 

backup, partial
A backup that copies only specific files or directories.

bind request
A message that requests binding with the parent NetInfo domain. The message includes the sender's Internet address, the tag of the domain looking for its parent, and the tag of the parent domain. See also binding. 

binding
A process that links the NetInfo domains served by one NeXT computer into the hierarchy of NetInfo domains. This occurs when a NeXT computer is booted on a network.

boot disk
The disk containing files necessary for system startup. System files can be installed on an external disk using the BuildDisk application.

bridge
A device that filters traffic within a single network, operating like a traffic cop to direct messages toward their destination and to exclude messages intended for other networks. A bridge can also connect networks of the same architecture.

broadcast address
An address used to send messages to all hosts with the same network address.

canonicalize
To translate a mail address into a domain-style address. This makes all mail addresses look roughly alike. For example, rhino!user, which isn't a domain-style address, would be converted to user@rhino.uucp, which is a domain-style address. 

child process
A process created by another process. The child process, in turn, can create its own processes. 

class
In Internet terminology, a means of grouping Internet addresses into categories. Each class allocates a specific number of bits for the network addressÐClass A allocates fewer bits to the network portion of the address, more to the host portion; Class B allocates the same number of bits for the network portion of the address as for the host portion; and Class C allocates more bits to the host portion of the address than to the network part. When more bits are allocated for the host portion, more hosts can be attached to the network.

client
A computer that uses the network servicesÐthe resourcesÐof a server.

clone server
A computer that serves a read-only copy of a NetInfo domain. Compare master NetInfo server.

coaxial cable
A tubular cable in which one conductor is a sleeve that encircles the other, which is a wire. Compare with twisted-pair cable.

collision
An error condition on an Ethernet network that exists when two or more computers transmit packets at the same instant. Computers involved in a collision retransmit their packets after a random length of time.

concentrator, networking
A device that allows computers to be positioned closer together on a network cable than would otherwise be possible.

configuration server
A computer that provides clients with their Internet addresses and host names at startup. With SimpleNetworkStarter, all NetInfo servers are automatically set up as configuration servers. 

CTS
Clear-to-send. The serial communication signal that indicates when a device is ready to receive data. CTS is used for hardware flow control between one computer or device and another. See also hardware flow control.

daemon
A process that runs continuously and performs a particular system task for other processes; for example, the cron daemon that executes certain programs at a specific time.

DCD
Data carrier detect. Name of the serial communication signal that indicates the presence or absence of a remote carrier.

directory
A term used in this manual in place of the word folder found in other NeXTSTEP documentation. A directory is a collection of files and other directories, sometimes called subdirectories.

directory, NetInfo
An organizational structure within a NetInfo domain. A NetInfo directory stores properties and sometimes other NetInfo directories.

DNS 
Domain Name Service. The name service for the Internet. A hierarchical naming scheme to give each host computer a unique name on the network. See also NIC.

domain, local NetInfo
The administrative information available to an individual computer. Compare domain, NetInfo. 

domain name notation
One way to identify a specific domain, using a format similar to file pathnames; for example, /boston/earth specifies the domain earth, which is a child of the domain boston, which is a child of the root domain. See also tagged domain notation.

domain, NetInfo
A collection of administrative information including user accounts, host entries, file system mounting data, and so on. Information within a domain is organized into NetInfo directories. Domains are organized into a hierarchy.

domain-style address
See address, domain-style.

DTR
Data terminal ready. Name of the serial communication signal indicating that the computer or device is ready for communication.

envelope
The part of a mail message that includes the return address and all of the destination addresses.

envelope recipient address
See address, envelope recipient.

Ethernet
A high-speed local area network technology. Ethernet is considered the industry standard for networking UNIX-based machines because of its reliability and capacity to rapidly transfer large amounts of information. Ethernet connectors are built into NeXT computers.

Ethernet address
An address that uniquely identifies each NeXT or other type of computer. The Ethernet address is stored on the EPROM chip.

export a directory
To make a directory available to other computers on the network. A file server exports directories.

file server
A computer that supplies disk storage space for clients.

file system
A collection of files that can be accessed on a specific partition of a disk.

flow control
A mechanism to stop and start the flow of data between a computer and a peripheral device. Also called handshaking. See also hardware flow control and software flow control.

focusing
Placing the domain portion of a mail address between angle brackets so that it's more easily identified by other rules. Focusing is specific to sendmail.

gateway
A device that provides a connection between two physically separate networks that are based on differing protocols; for example, an IP and an AppleTalk network. Compare to router.

group ID
The number assigned to a user group; for example, group ID 20 is assigned to other, the standard group for regular users.

group name
The name assigned to a user group; for example, staff.

handshaking
See flow control.

hardware flow control
A mechanism that controls data transfer with signals carried over specific pins on a cable. The signals communicate whether or not a device is ready to send or receive data. Compare to software flow control.

header
The initial portion of a mail message that includes the From:, To:, and Cc: lines. 

home directory
The directory where a user stores personal files and other directories. Created by UserManager when the user account is set up.

home directory server
See server, home directory.

host 
A computer on a network.

host alias
An alternate host name for a computer.

Internet
A collection of networks throughout the world that use a standard set of protocols (TCP/IP) to communicate.

Internet address, or IP address
The number that identifies a computer, or network of computers, on a TCP/IP network. 

ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network. An all-digital telephone line that transmits digital data as well as voice. ISDN increases the speed of transmitting data to about five times the speed of a 9600-baud modem.

local domain
See domain, local NetInfo.

loopback address
An address reserved for non-network interprocess communication and testing. On the Internet, all addresses beginning with the octet 127 are loopback addresses and aren't considered to be on the network.

macro
A predetermined set of instructions in a sendmail configuration fileÐvariables used for simple substitution; for example, the sender's address in a mail message. 

mail alias
An alternate name used to address a single user or a group of users.

mail exchanger
A computer that handles all the mail addressed to another computer.

mail server
A computer that stores incoming mail for the network and distributes mail messages.

mailer flags
The instructions that control the details of program execution for forwarding and delivering mail.

master NetInfo server
A computer that's the authoritative server of a NetInfo domain.

mount
To make a connection between the files on a disk and an existing directory hierarchy.

mount point 
The directory used to connect the files contained on a disk to an existing directory hierarchy.

MX records
Mail exchanger records in the Domain Name Service (DNS).

name resolution
A process that translates host names into Internet addresses. Name resolution can be provided by NetInfo, NIS, or DNS.

NetBooting
Booting a NeXT computer from the network rather than from its local startup disk. 

netgroup
A name used to refer to a group of hosts. 

NetInfo directory
See directory, NetInfo.

NetInfo domain
See domain, NetInfo.

NetInfo server
See server, NetInfo.

network
A group of hosts that can directly communicate with each other.

network account
See account, network.

network address
See address, network.

NFS
Network File System. An NFS file server allows users on the network to share files as if they were on their own local disk. 

NIC
Network Information Center. The organization that administers the Internet by keeping documents and standards as archival resources; by assigning Internet addresses; and by registering network and domain names. Here's how to contact the NIC: 

	Mailing address:
		Government Systems, Inc.
		Attention: Network Information Center
		14200 Park Meadow Drive, Suite 2000
		Chantilly, Va. 22021

	E-mail address: hostmaster@nic.ddn.mil
	Telephone: 1-800-365-3642
	Fax: (703) 802-4535			

NIS
Network Information Service. The network administrative service of Sun Microsystems, Inc.; formerly called Yellow Pages. 

NMI mini-monitor
The nonmaskable interrupt mini-monitor. A system monitor program that provides access to a set of low-level commands. This monitor allows inspection and debugging of the operating system.

null modem
A cable for connecting two computers together without a modem.

octet
One byte of an Internet address made up of eight binary digits. 

packet
An individual piece of information sent on a TCP/IP network.

parent process
The process that creates a child process. See also process and child process.

password
A character string assigned to or chosen by a user that, along with the account name, uniquely identifies that user and allows access to the system. A password should be kept secret for security reasons.

pathname, absolute
A fully qualified pathname, beginning with ª/º.

pathname, relative
Any pathname that doesn't begin with ª/º.

PPID
Parent process ID. A number that identifies the parent of a given process.

process
A program running on the system. A process consists of a set of instructions and a set of data structures. The data structures contain the information necessary to run the process.

process identifier, or process ID
A number that uniquely identifies a process.

repeaters
Transformers that are used to join lengths of network cable, or to split a network cable into multiple segments.

rewriting rules
The instructions in a sendmail configuration file for interpreting and modifying mail addresses.

ROM monitor
A system monitor program that allows low-level inspection of the system hardware.

router
A device that directs messages between different types of networks; for example, an Ethernet network and a token ring network. Compare to gateway.

RTS
Request-to-send. The name of a serial communication signal that turns on or off to indicate that a device is ready to send data. RTS is used for hardware flow control between a computer and a peripheral device. See also CTS; hardware flow control.

ruleset
A collection of rewriting rules in a sendmail configuration file used to perform a certain function. For example, a ruleset might translate mail addresses into a standard format that's easier for other rulesets to translate.

SCSI
Small Computer Systems Interface. A standard connector and communications protocol used for connecting devices such as disk drives to computers.

SCSI ID
A number from 0 to 7 that the computer uses to identify the devices connected to it. See also SCSI.

server
A process that provides resources to other processes, or the computer that runs the processes that provide resources.

server, application
A computer that provides a shared directory that stores application programs.

server, general purpose file
A computer that provides directories that are made available across the network so that users can share them; for example, a projects directory.

server, home directory
A computer that provides access across the network to a directory that holds home directories for user accounts. 

server, NetInfo
A computer that provides storage for and access to a NetInfo domain. See also domain, NetInfo.

setgid file
A file that's set to execute with the privileges of the group associated with the file rather than the group associated with the user who executed the file.

setuid file
A file that's set to execute with the privileges of the user associated with the file rather than the user who executed the file. See also setgid. 

SMTP
Simple mail transfer protocol. A facility used to transfer mail messages.

SNMP
Simple network management protocol. A facility that allows you to collect statistics for a network of computers.

software flow control
A mechanism that controls data transfer by sending special characters on the regular transmission wire.

subnet 
A logical division of a network into smaller subnetworks.

subnet mask
A number used on the Internet that indicates which bits of an Internet address are used as the network portion, and which are used as the host portion.

superuser
The root account. Every local domain has a superuser. This account can bypass file permissions.

swap disk
A small hard disk used specifically for holding data that overflows main memory. 

swapping
Moving data back and forth between main memory and disk. See also swap disk.

tag
A name that identifies a NetInfo database.

tagged domain notation
One of the ways to identify a specific NetInfo domain, where the host serving the domain and the tag of the database are both specified; for example, rhino/network is the database tagged network on host rhino. See also domain name notation.

TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. The protocols used to deliver messages between computers over the network. TCP/IP support is included with your NeXT computer.

TIFF
Tagged Image File Format. A format for storing graphics.

token
To parse, or read an input string, it's divided into words, or tokens. Specific to sendmail configuration files.

traffic
Information transmitted on a network.

twisted-pair cable
A cable that consists of two pairs of wires, one for transmitting and one for receiving data. The wires in each pair are twisted together, hence the name. Twisted-pair cables can be used as a medium for Ethernet-based communications. See also coaxial cable.

unknown user
A user who is logged into a host that has access to a remote directory, but is logged in with an account that isn't recognized on the file server. Usually, this user has limited access to files.

user account
A collection of information about a user, including the user name, password, user ID, home directory, and default user group.

user group
A collection of users who have common access to files. Each member of the group can read and write some (or all) of the files of other members, according to the file permissions that are set up.

user ID
The number used by the system to identify each user. User IDs are automatically assigned by UserManager to new users.

user name
The name a user logs in with. Each name must be unique, contain no more than 8 characters, be all lowercase, and contain no spaces.

UUCP
UNIX-to-UNIX copy. An intermachine communication system that runs over direct serial lines, network connections, or ordinary telephone lines. Note that uucp, the UNIX command, is used to copy files from one UNIX system to another.

XON/XOFF
A type of software flow control supported by certain devices. See also software flow control.